Not applicable

Citizenship refers to the legal citizenship status of a person. Citizenship can be by birth or naturalization. A person may have more than one citizenship. A person may be stateless, that is, they may have no citizenship.

Reported in: 2011

Reported for: Population in private households

Question no.: Direct variable: Question 10

Responses: Response categories included 'Canada, by birth,' 'Canada, by naturalization,' and 'Other country - Specify.' A write-in space for country of citizenship (other than Canada) was provided. Respondents were asked to indicate more than one citizenship, if applicable. Refer to Appendix 1.6 for the classification of countries of citizenship for the 2011 National Household Survey.

Remarks: The 2011 NHS citizenship question asked: 'Of what country is this person a citizen?' Note accompanying the citizenship question stated:

Indicate more than one citizenship, if applicable.

'Canada, by naturalization' refers to the process by which an immigrant is granted citizenship of Canada, under the Citizenship Act.

As well, additional instructions were provided to respondents in the 2011 NHS Guide:

For persons born in Canada, unless-at the time of their birth-one or both parents were government representatives of another country (for example, in diplomatic service) and neither parent was a Canadian citizen or a landed immigrant:

- mark 'Canada, by birth.'

For persons born outside Canada if, at the time of their birth, one or both parents were Canadian citizens:

- mark 'Canada, by birth.'

For persons who have applied for, and have been granted, Canadian citizenship (for example, persons who have been issued a Canadian citizenship certificate):

- mark 'Canada, by naturalization.'

For persons who were born outside Canada and have not become Canadian citizens:

- report under 'Other country' the name of the other country for which they hold citizenship.

For persons who are dual citizens of Canada and another country, do not report 'dual citizenship':

- mark either 'Canada, by birth' or 'Canada, by naturalization,' and report the name of the other country.

For further information on this population, refer to Figure 1.6 - Immigrants, non-immigrants and non-permanent residents: Citizenship.

For additional information on the collection and dissemination of citizenship data, refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, National Household Survey, 2011.

Figure 1.6 Immigrants, non-immigrants and non-permanent residents - Citizenship



Source: Statistics Canada, National Household Survey, 2011.

Not applicable

Immigrant status refers to whether the respondent is a non-immigrant, an immigrant or a non-permanent resident.

Non-immigrant refers to a person who is a Canadian citizen by birth.

Immigrant refers to a person who is or has ever been a landed immigrant/permanent resident. This person has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens,
while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who has a work or study permit or who is a refugee claimant, and any non-Canadian-born family member living in Canada with them.

Reported in: 2011

Reported for: Population in private households

Question nos.: Derived variable: Questions 10 and 11

Responses: Immigrant status is derived from the responses to the citizenship question (Question 10) and the landed immigrant status question (Question 11).

The standard classification for Immigrant status is 'Non-immigrants,' 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents.'

Remarks: In the 2011 National Household Survey, the landed immigrant status question (Question 11) and the citizenship question (Question 10) are used to identify non-immigrants (Canadian citizens by birth), immigrants and non-permanent residents.

The landed immigrant status question (Question 11) asked: "Is this person now, or has this person ever been, a landed immigrant?" Notes accompanying the landed immigrant question stated:

A 'landed immigrant' (permanent resident) is a person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities.

As well, additional instructions were provided to respondents in the 2011 NHS Guide:

For persons who are Canadian citizens by birth, foreign students, foreign workers, or refugee claimants, mark 'No.'

For persons who are Canadian citizens by naturalization or are permanent residents under the Immigration Act (permanent residents have been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by Canadian immigration authorities but have not yet obtained Canadian citizenship), mark 'Yes.'

Respondents who mark 'Yes' to the landed immigrant status question (Question 10) are 'Immigrants.'

Respondents who mark 'No' to the landed immigrant status question (Question 11) are either 'Non-immigrants' or 'Non-permanent residents.' The citizenship question (Question 10) is used to derive the two groups. If a respondent is a Canadian citizen by birth according to Question 10, then he is a non-immigrant. If a respondent does not have Canadian citizenship and is not a landed immigrant, he is a non-permanent resident.

For further information on immigrants, non-immigrants and non-permanent residents, refer to Figures 1.5 and 1.6.

For more information on the citizenship question in the 2011 National Household Survey, refer to the definition for Citizenship.

For additional information on the collection and dissemination of immigrant status data, refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, National Household Survey, 2011.

Not applicable

Period of immigration refers to the period in which the immigrant first obtained his or her landed immigrant/permanent resident status.

A landed immigrant/permanent resident is a person who has been granted the right to live permanently in Canada by immigration authorities. Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. Some immigrants are Canadian citizens, while others are not. Most immigrants are born outside Canada, but a small number are born in Canada. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' includes immigrants who landed in Canada prior to May 10, 2011.

Reported in: 2011

Reported for: Persons in private households who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants

Question no.: Derived variable: Question 12

Responses: Ranges of years for the years 1901 to 2011.

For the immigrant population, period of immigration is derived from Year of immigration (Question 12).

Typically, single years of immigration are collapsed to form larger categories of five or ten years.

Remarks: Respondents who answered 'Yes' to the landed immigrant status question (Question 11) were asked to answer the year of immigration question (Question 12) by reporting the year in which they first obtained landed immigrant status. Persons who were unable to give the exact year of immigration were asked to give the best possible estimate. People who immigrated to Canada more than once were to report the year in which they first received landed immigrant status.

Some immigrants have resided in Canada for a number of years, while others have arrived recently. In the 2011 National Household Survey, 'Immigrants' refers to immigrants who landed in Canada before the reference date, May 10, 2011.

Respondents who answered 'No' to Question 11 will not have gone through the immigration process and, thus, did not have to answer the year of immigration question (Question 12).

These people include Canadian citizens by birth (non-immigrants) and non-permanent residents. A non-permanent resident refers to a person from another country who is living in Canada on a work or study permit or as a refugee claimant, and any foreign-born family member living with him or her.

For further information on immigrants, non-immigrants and non-permanent residents, refer to Figures 1.5 and 1.6.

For more information on the other immigration variables, refer to the definitions for Immigrant status and Year of immigration.

For additional information on the collection and dissemination of period of immigration data, refer to the Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration Reference Guide, National Household Survey, 2011.